Prepositions

Prepositions are words that are used before pronouns, nouns or their equivalents to express position, movement or circumstance etc. relative to or affecting them.

1. Prepositions of position and movement.

   ablo	below	fornenst	in front of, facing
   aboot	about	fornent	in front of, facing
   abuin	above	frae, (fae)	from
   aff	off	in*	in
   aff o	away from, by	inouth	within
   afore	before, in front of	in ower	inside
   agin	against	intae, intil	into, inside
   agley	off line	naur(haund)	near
   ahint	behind	o	of
   alang	along	on	on / upon
   alenth	along	oot	out
   amang	among	oot o	out of
   aneath	beneath	ootby	outside
   anent	concerning, opposite	ooten	out of
   aside	beside	oot ower	outside, across, beyond
   at	at	ootunner	from under
   athin	within	ootwi	outside of, beyond
   athort	across, over	ower	over, across
   athoot	without	roond	round
   atween	between	roond aboot	around
   atweesh	between	throu	through
   awa	away	tae**, til	to
   ayont	beyond	till	untill
   by	by,beside	unner	under
   doun	down	up	up
   efter	after	wi	with
   endlang	along	wioot	outside
   for	for	yont	along

   
   **In colloquial speech the unstressed form of in is i'. Many writers use this form.
   ***The preposition tae is often written ti. Also inti meaning 'into'.

   Particular syntax and idiom are connected to many prepositions.

   Uses of aboot.

   The tither's no bad but thay're aboot it. The other's not bad but they're about the same.
   Aboot Brochty. In the neibourhood of Broughty Ferry.
   Tak yer auld plaid aboot ye. Take your old plaid around you.
   Come in aboot the hoose. Come into the house.	He gaed aboot the pairk. He went around the field.

   Uses of aff.

   Aff often expresses the source of something.

   The lad wisna wantin beaten aff that man. The boy didn't want to be beaten by that man.
   He wis fashin hissel aff you. He was worrying himself because of you.
   He teuk the coat aff me. He took my coat away from me.
   A gat the breid aff ma mither. I got the bread from mother.	A teuk it aff him. I took it from him.

   Scots uses o (of) where English omits it.

   Tak thon joug aff o the tap bink. Take that jug off the top shelf.

   A bit collop aff o the sou. A small cut from the pig.

   Scots uses amang (among) where English uses 'in'.

   He wrocht ootby amang the rain. He worked outside in the rain.

   Ower the muir amang the heather. Over the moor in the heather.

   The bairns wis oot amang the snaw. The children were out in the snow.

   She tint her gowd ring amang the saund. She lost her gold ring in the sand.

   Uses of at.

   Angry at him. Angry with him.	Whit are ye at? What do you mean?
   A canna come at a name for't. I can't think of a name for it.
   She lat at him athoot lissance. She attacked him without respite.
   Ye can tak the grue at her. You may become disgusted with her.
   She speirt at me anent ma wark. She asked me about my work.
   That drunken man wantit tae lay at me. That drunkard wanted to strike me.
   A need tae speir at ye hou ye war late. I must ask you why you were late.
   Thay war aye at me anent it. They were always talking to me about it.
   We are haen a gemme at the rummy We are having a game of rummy.
   The train cam in aboot fower at een. The train arrived at approximately four in the evening.

   Uses of awa.

   He wun awa hame. He slipped off home.	The boat wis awa wi't. The boat was done for.
   The auld man wis awa wi't. The old man was dead.	Weel, that's awa wi't. Well, that's it lost.

   Uses of back.

   Back i.e. towards the back.

   Back the close. In the entrance, back from the street.

   Uses of by.

   He wis by himsel. He was off his head.	She's auld by me. She's older than me.
   A'll tak thaim aw by that ane. I'll take them all except that one.
   Thae aiples is by thair best. Those apples are past their best.
   By the glesses. Beside the glasses.	A cam by the wey o Perth. I came via Perth.
   A ken nocht waur by her. I know nothing worse about her.
   We haed ither kins bythae. We had other kinds besides those.
   The beuk wis written by Shuggie Broun. The book was written by Hugh Brown.
   Thare's juist twa fowk steyin here by masel. There's only two people living here besides me.
   Dinna fash yersel lass, thare's mony by him. Don't trouble yourself girl, there are others besides him.

   Uses of but and ben.

   ben indicates movement into the inner room.

   Gang ben the hoose. Go into the inner room.

   Come ben the hoose. Come in (to) the house.

   but indicates movement into the outer outer room.

   It's but the hoose. It's in the outer room (kitchen).

   Scots omits 'to' after doun (down) where English retains it.

   A'm gaun doun the shops. I'm going down to the shops.

   Doun the hoose. In the best room.

   Doun the watter. Down (along) the river.

   Uses of Efter.

   Whit ye efter? What do you want?	He ran efter the dug. He ran after the dog.
   Chap an ax efter her. Knock (in order) to ask for her.	It's ten efter twal. It's ten past twelve.

   Uses of for.

   He winna taigle for fear o missin the bus. He won't dawdle in order to avoid missing the bus.
   A'm no feart for you, ony wey. I'm not scared of you, at any rate.
   Tell Jock A wis speirin for him. Give my regards to Jock.
   It's no for ony uiss. It's not of any use.	It's for nae mainer o uiss. It's of no use.
   A winna kneel doun for fylin ma breeks. I won't kneel down for fear of dirtying my trousers.
   Shoud we gang roond an caw for wir pals? Shall we go round and call on our friends?
   A'm for a cauld ale. I'd like a cold ale.	Whit ye for? What would you like?
   Tell yer brither A wis axin for him. Tell your brother I was asking after his health.
   Thir horse is gaun daft for watter. These horses are going mad for want of water.
   It's makkin for snaw. It looks like it's about to snow.	A wis stairvin for hunger. I was starving of hunger.
   Will ye no speir for her? Won't you ask after her?	A cam for tae see ye. I came to see you.
   A will speir for her haund. I shall ask for her hand in marriage.

   Uses of frae (fae).

   Frae often expresses cause.

   The auld carle dee'd frae the cauld. The old man died of the cold.

   A'm no feart frae speeders. I'm not scared of spiders.

   A'm gaun tae git kilt frae ma faes. I'm going to get killed by my enemies.

   Other uses.

   A hae been pitten frae that thochtie. I've been put off that idea.
   Ma sister wis skelpit frae the teacher. My sister was slapped by the teacher.
   Whaur d'ye come frae? Where do you come from?	He's awa frae his wark. He's unable to work.
   That's different frae this. That is different than this.

   Uses of in.

   With verbs of movement Scots omits 'to' after in where English retains it.
   In colloquial speech in is often shortened to i before consonants, many writers also use this form.

   She ran in the hoose. She ran into the house.	A gat it in a praisent. I got it as a present.
   Lay yer luif in mines lass. Lay your palm in mine girl.
   She didna want ither fowk tae hear sae she said it in til hersel. She didn't want other people to hear so she whispered.

   Uses of o.
    
    
    

   A'm the better o that. I'm the better for that.	He's the waur o drink. He's worse for drink.
   Tak a swatch o this. Take a critical look at this.	Can ye mynd o wha't wis? Can you remember who it was?
   He wisna blythe o wir meetin John. He wasn't pleased with us meeting John.
   The bairns is awfu crouss o the Yuil. The children are exited over Christmas.
   Gie's a read o yer beuk. Lend me your book.	A'm bored o this beuk. I'm bored with this book.
   We canna mak a better o't A suppose. I suppose we can't improve on it.
   Nane the better o yer speirin. None the better for your asking.
   The gorblin wis in o its nest. The fledgling was inside its nest.
   Thare's a queer thing o that lassie. There's a strange thing about that girl.
   Efter aw thon ettle ye'd be better o a rest. After all that endevour you'd be better for a rest.
   Maugre o his sair fit he traipsed til the shops. In spite of his sore foot he trudged to the shops.

   Uses of on.

   Shoot on him afore he gangs. Shout to him before he goes.
   Hou lang maun A wait on thon train? How long must I wait for that train?
   Think on whaur she is. Think about where she is.	Waitin on a bus. Waiting for a bus.
   She's sair on her shuin. She mistreats her shues.	She's mairit on ma brither. She's married to my brother.
   A waitit an oor on him. I waited an hour for him.	Can ye no mak up on him? Can't you overtake him?
   Dinna mak on ye can write. Don't pretend that you can write.
   Can ye no mynd on thon chiel? Can't you remember about that fellow?
   Cry on Willie tae come ower. Call William to come over.
   A wadna lippen on Scotrail. I wouldn't depend on Scotrail.
   She wis fair on me efter A duntit her caur. She was fair to me after I hit her car.
   Ma gutcher gaed on a stick. My grandfather went supported by a stick.
   He did it on himsel. He did it on his own account
   Lief is me on thon braw lassie. I am fond of that beutiful girl.
   Whaur'd ye faw on thon auld plaid. Where did you discover that old plaid.
   A happent tae faw on Hamish in the toun. I happened to meet Hamish by chance in town.
   Ye winna can mak muckle on't. You won't be able to make much of it.
   Cry on Tam for tae come here. Call to Tom to come here.
   Ye aye yoke on the prentice. You always find fault with the apprentice.
   Mony lees is made on thon auld limmer. Many lies are told about that old slag.

   Uses of oot.

   Scots omits o (of) after oot (out) where English retains it.

   The schuil wis oot. School was finished.	He teuk the thochtie oot a beuk. He took the idea from a book.
   We cam oot the shop an gaed ower the brig. We came out of the shop and went across the bridge.
   Can ye redd oot whit ye war daein in the wids? Can you explain what you were doing in the woods?
   Jurnalists speirs oot the wittins thay're efter. Journalists track down the information they are after.

   Uses of ower.

   The wife hittit me ower the heid. My wife hit me on the head.

   She wis taen in ower by the swick. She was decieved by the swindler.

   A spak til him ower the phone. I spoke to him by telephone.

   Ye canna tak in ower sicna mensefu chiel. You can't decieve such a sensible fellow.

   Whan ye're auld it's haurd tae faw ower. When you're old it's hard to fall asleep.

   A coudna come ower siclike wirds afore a leddy. I couldn't repeat such words in front of a lady.

   The bairn haed thrawn the baw ower the windae. The baby had thrown the ball out of the window.

   Dae A hae tae threap ower ye aw the time? Do I have to insist all the time?

   Tae is used with the infinitive (in the mood that expresses, the verbal idea without reference to person, number or time). Til is usually used before nouns, with the definite or indefinite article and before words that begin with a vowel or the letter h.

   The unstressed fom tae is often written ti.

   The infinitive marker, for tae (used with verbs), means 'in order to'.

   He cam for tae aet his denner. He came to eat his dinner.	A gaed for tae git it. I went to get it.
   Ye'll come for tae mak up a gemme. You'll come to make up a game.
   He ettelt for tae gang. He meant to go.	Thay aw gaed for tae see't. They all went to see it.
   The war room for tae git yer haund in. There was a space to get in your hand.

   Scots omits tae as a sign of the infinitive where English retains it.

   He kens better nor say siclike. He knows better than to say suchlike.

   Did ye write him? Did you write to him?

   Other uses of tae and til.

   A telt her tae dae that. I told her to do that.	A telt her tae dicht the bink. I told her to wipe the shelf.
   Ma mither shewd it tae me. My mother sewed it for me.
   Leuk tae thon bonnie pictur. Look at that pretty picture.
   Ma faither's a jyner tae tred. My father is a joiner by trade.
   She haed a bairn tae ma kizzen. She had a baby with my cousin.
   A spak til him ower the phone. I spoke to him by telephone.
   A'm juist a puir man tae you. I'm a poor man compared with you.
   A telt it til her. I told it to her.	She wis dochter tae the Sherra. She was the Sherrif's daughter.
   The meenister gaed awa til the kirk. The minister went off to church.
   Dauvit wrocht tae Mr. Gourlay. David worked for Mr. Gourlay.
   Naur til his dochter. Near to his daughter.	Can ye hear til the laverock? Can you hear the lark?
   No tae whit it ance wis. Not in comparrison with what it once was.
   A maun leuk gin thare's a bit post tae him. I must check if there's some mail for him.
   A'm gaun tae hae a fried egg tae ma tea. I'm going to have a fried egg for tea.
   He cam til a hoose amang thae braes. He came to a house in those hills.

   Uses of throu.

   Send that paircel throu the post. Send that parcel by post.

   We gaed throu auld times thegither. We talked about old times together.

   A wis waukrif an gat up throu the nicht. I was wakeful and got up during the night.

   Uses of up .

   Scots omits 'to' after up where English retains it.

   Are ye gaun up the braeheid? Are you going up to the hill-top?
   Are ye gaun tae redd up yer accoont? Are you going to settle your account?
   Coud ye redd up ma carburettor? Could you adjust my carburettor?

   Uses of wi.

   A didna speak wi him. I didn't speak to him.

   He cam wi a fremmit chiel. He came with a strange fellow.

   Scots uses wi where English uses 'by' or to express cause.

   The aits wis etten wi the mice. The oats were eaten by the mice.	She'll gang wi the bus. She'll go by bus.
   It wis thair weans that gat battert wi some ither weans. It was their children who got battered by some other children.
   She wis rin ower wi a bus fornent the hoose. She was run over by a bus in front of her house.
   We misst the bus wi sleepin in. We missed the bus because we overslept.
   She wis gey pitten on wi the wey ye dresst. She was impressed by the way you dressed.
   The wind's sae snell ye coud dee wi cauld. The wind is so severe you could die of cold.
   The bairn coudna git sleepit wi the lichtnin. The child couldn't sleep owing to the lightning.
   The polis wis set on wi a muckle dug. The policeman was attacked by a large dog.

   Other uses of wi.

   She's gaun tae mairy wi ma brither. She's going to marry my brother.

   A wrocht wi him fower year. I worked for four years for him.

   Tak tent nou - dinna faw wi bairn! Take care now - don't get pregnant!

   Other particular usages of prepositions are.

   A s' write the provost anent thae ongauns. I will write to the mayor concerning those going ons.
   Sit intil the ingle. Sit nearer the fire.	He stuid afore the door. He stood infront of the door.
   Gang up the brae an ower the tap an ye'r abuin the toun. Go up the hill and over the top and you are abovethe town.
   The new causey wisna athin the scheme. The new causeway wasn't within the plan.
   He bides oot ower the mains ower bi the heuch. He lives beyond the home farm over the way from the quarry.
   Thare's nae love tint atween thae twa. There's no love lost between those two.
   He stuid atweesh the door an the winnock. He stood between the door and the window.
   The dug's aneath the buird. The dog is under the table.	Anent the kirk. Opposite the church.
   Sae mony traivelers gaun back an forrit athort the kintra. So many travellers going to and fro across the country.
   Dinna lea' yer gear liggin athort the hoose. Don't leave your belongings lying all over the house.
   Thay war sittin aside ither. They were sitting side by side.	He wrocht ayont the brae. He worked beyond the hill.
   Throu the yett an endlang the pad. Through the gate and along the path.
   The birks aside the burn. The birches beside the stream.
   The troot soumed alang the shallaes. The trout swam along the shallows.
   A winna gang in ower her door. I won't go inside her door.
   A niver pit a fit intil't. I never put a foot inside it.	Juist athin the door. Just inside the door.
   At lang an last the law gaed agin him. At long last the law acted against him.
   Keek oot ower the door yont the road. Peep outside the door alond the road.
   A winna gang in ower her door. I won't go inside her door.
   The cycle's agin the waw. The bicycle is against the wall.
   He's appearin anent the juidge the morn. He's appearng before the judge tomorrow.
   A rin anent her doun the brae. I ran along side her down the slope.
   She fell agin the bink. She fell against the bench.	He turnt anent her. He turned to face her.

2. Prepositions of time.

   aboot	about	frae, (fae)	from
   afore	before	gin	by, before
   at	at	in	in
   athin	within	naur	near
   atween	between	or*	till, before
   by	by	sin	since, ago
   efter	after	syne	since (the time of), ago

   *Not to be confused with the conjunction or (or).

   Be hame by twal. Be home by twelve.	A'll be hame afore ye. I'll be home before you.
   Hit's aboot ten efter aicht. It's about ten past eight.	It's gey naur the twal o nicht. It's nearly midnight.
   Whit time's the dance at? When does the dance begin?	A biggit the waw or denner-time. I built the wall before dinner-time.
   It'll tak atween twintie an thrittie meenit langer. It'll take between twenty and thirty minutes longer.
   Can ye come athin the neist oor? Can you come within the next hour?
   The train gaed elieven meenit syne. The train left eleven minutes ago.
   The bus'll gang in aboot sax meenit. The bus will leave in approximately six minutes.
   The lectur stairts in twal meenit. The lecture starts in twelve minutes.

3. Other prepositions are:

   by / tae	in comparrison with	mauger	in spite of, despite
   binna	except / unless	o	of
   but	without / except	wantin	short of / lacking
   for	for	wi	with
   forby	besides	wiout	without
   like	like

   He's auld by me. He's older than me.	It brunt lik mad. It burned furiously.
   But care or pain. Without care or pain.	Aicht score o sheep. Eight score of sheep.
   A man wantin a leg. A man short of a leg.	Gang oot mauger o the rain. Go out in spite of the rain.
   Ye're aither awthing or naething wi him. You're either everything or nothing to him.
   He'll lear hou tae dae't, mauger his sair haund. He'll learn how to do it, despite his sore hand.
   Thare wis naebody forby masel in the wids. There was no one besides me in the woods.
   No tae whit it ance wis. Not in comparrison with what it once was.
   A hae nae horse binna ma cuddie an wee Donald. I have no horses besides my donkey and little Donald.

4. Prepositions in colloquial speech.

   The forms o the, in the, at the and on the are often shortened to ee. Tae the is often shortened to tee. Wi the is often shortened to wee. By the is often shortened to bee and tae shortened to ae.

   The heid ee toun. The highest part of town.	At the back ee kirk. At the back of the church.
   Ee gloamin. In the twilight.	Ee morn. In the morning.
   Ee muckle hoose. In the mansion house.	Twice ee day. Twice a (in the) day.
   Ee nou. Just now.	Ee back end ee year. At the end of the year.
   A hinna been ee toun yit. I haven't been into town yet.	Thay wis rowin ee fluir. They were rolling on the floor.
   A skelp ee lug. A slap on the ear.	Ee conter. On the contrary.
   He bides ee ither side o Crief. He stays on the other side of Crief.
   It fell oot his haund ee fluir. It fell out of his hand on to the floor.
   He wis in tee craig. He was up to the neck (in it).	Tae sowp wee deil. To drink with the devil.
   A'm no gaunae dae't. I'm not going to do it.	A'm gaunae gie ye something. I'm going to give you something.
   Ye hae the wrang sou bee lug. You have the wrong pig by the ear.
   A'm gaun awa tee wall for watter. I'm going along to the well for water.

5. Relative clauses

   In the sentence:
   

   The wifie that coft the maumie grosets wis wankent. The woman who bought the ripe gooseberries was unknown.

   The clause 'that coft the maumie grosets' provides information relative to the 'wifie'.These are usually introduced by the relative pronoun that.

   Prepositions occur only at the end of relative clauses and are frequently omitted.

   The mercat-staund (that) A bocht it (frae). The market-stall from which I bought it.

   At the wall's a raip (that) ye can pou the bucket back up (wi). At the well is a rope with which you can pull the pale back up.

   A hinna been til a dance yit that A hinna gotten hame (frae) the sel same nicht. I haven't been to a dance yet from which I haven't got home the same night.

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